Hardware

Getting Started with FPGAs: What They Are and How to Think About Them

A beginner-friendly introduction to FPGAs and VHDL: what an FPGA actually is, how it differs from a microcontroller, why hardware description languages feel so different from programming and the mental model shift you need to make sense of it all.

64 LEDs, One Cube: How I Built a 4x4x4 NeoPixel LED Cube with Adaptive Brightness

A walkthrough of building a 4x4x4 NeoPixel LED Cube with four animation modes and automatic brightness adjustment via an LDR sensor, using Arduino and bare C++.

Embedded

SPI CPOL and CPHA choose which clock edge data is sampled on: mismatch means garbage

C

`volatile` tells the compiler a variable can change outside of program control

Embedded

PWM duty cycle on a microcontroller comes from the ratio of compare register to period

Article

Putting the 'You' in CPU

cpu.land

Article

Transistors: The Invention That Changed the World

SparkFun Learn

Article

How Does GPS Work?

Bartosz Ciechanowski

Article

How Digital Audio Works

Bartosz Ciechanowski

Article

What Every Programmer Should Know About Memory

LWN.net

Article

FreeRTOS: Getting Started with Real-Time Operating Systems

FreeRTOS.org